There is a knob at the very top of your mixer that often gets mistaken as volume control. But, it is so much more.
Properly setting gain is foundational to excellent sound. As a matter of fact, if you do not set it properly, you will never get the sound quality you so deeply desire.
It is much like the foundation of your house. When not done the right way, it causes a chain of reactions in which the entire house eventually suffers.
What exactly is gain?
The purpose of gain is to regulate the amount of input coming from the audio device plugged in, whether it be a microphone or instrument.
Every audio device emits a different level of sound signal. Gain enables you to normalize the signal so every input is on the same playing field before it moves through the rest of the mixer (EQ, aux sends, fader, etc.).
Think of it like a water faucet. The amount of water (signal) carried through the pipe (input cable) has an output that is regulated by the faucet (gain).
Keep in mind, gain affects everything else on your mixer, including the monitor volumes, EQ and effects.
Although you should not be scared to change gain, you should do so with caution. Otherwise, you chance blowing out the ears of your musicians if they have in-ear monitors, or creating feedback problems if your floor wedges are set too loud.
How to Set Gain on a Digital Mixer
When setting gain, the source of sound (whether it be a vocal or instrument) should be playing or singing at the level they will be during the service or performance. It is common for a singer to be shy if you ask them to sing alone, so it may be best to set the gain while they are rehearsing with the full band.
As they are singing or playing their instrument, use the level meter next to the gain knob to adjust the gain until it is averaging around where the yellow and green lights meet.
For example, on the Behringer X32, the level meter should average around -18dB when you are setting gain.
It is okay for the signal goes higher during the peak moments (i.e. when a vocal is in their ‘power range’) but it should never hit the red. Red means distortion, and you do not want that. Yellow is still safe, but just letting you know that distortion is near.
Bonus: Download the Gain Cheat Sheet
How to Set Gain on an Analog Mixer
Step 1: Set Everything Back to Default
If you are setting the gain on a channel that is running to external processing, such as a compressor or EQ, you should bypass them all before setting the gain.
Then, make sure that all EQ on the sound board is level (at 12 o’clock). Finally, turn down the aux sends and the fader to ensure that feedback does not rare its ugly head.
If you try to set the gain without out first bringing everything back to default, your level will be skewed.
For example, let’s say you are setting the gain on a vocal which is running through a compressor. If you have have the compressor set for the current gain level, bringing the gain up will appear to make no change to the level of the input. But, in reality, the level is increasing but the compressor is pushing back down. So you end up with an over-compressed signal that sounds absolutely terrible.
On a side note, it is okay to make minor adjustments to the gain without completing this step. If you have to adjust the gain during a service or performance (which does happen), you obviously do not want to bypass everything, as this would make quite the distraction.
Step 2: Engage the Solo (also called ‘PFL’) Button
First, make sure the the Solo button is not engaged for any other channel. You only want it engaged on the channel you are currently working on.
In case you were wondering, if your mixer says ‘PFL’ instead of ‘Solo’, it simply means ‘Pre-Fader Listen’. Engaging this button will allow you to examine the level of input before the the fader.
Step 3: Set Gain
When setting gain, the source of sound (whether it be a vocal or instrument) should be playing or singing at the level they will be during the service or performance. It is common for a singer to be shy if you ask them to sing alone, so it may be best to set the gain while they are rehearsing with the full band.
As they are singing or playing their instrument, use the level meter to adjust the gain until it is averaging around where the yellow and green lights meet.
For example, on most analog mixers, this number is likely to be 0dB.
It is okay for the signal goes higher during the peak moments (i.e. when a vocal is in their ‘power range’) but it should never hit the red. Red means distortion, and you do not want that. Yellow is still safe, but just letting you know that distortion is near.
Step 4: Reset Other Controls
Now that your gain is set, it is time to get your monitors, EQ and other audio processing back in place.
Don’t forget to disengage the Solo (PFL) button so the level indicator lights return back to their default state of letting you monitor the overall output of the sound board.
Bonus: Download the Gain Cheat Sheet
3 Additional Things You Need to Know About Gain
- Gain is not a ‘set it and leave it’ type of situation. The levels coming from instruments and vocals will change from time to time. Maybe a vocalist finds their confidence and starts to sing with more volume. Or, the guitarist may change the output level on their pedal which means the gain should now be turned down to compensate for the difference. A host of things can change. So, get in the habit of using the Solo (PFL) button to keep an eye on things.
- You may need to use the ‘pad’ button to achieve proper gain levels. If you are setting the gain for a drum mic or some other type of ‘high output’ instrument, you may find that the level is still too high even when the gain is all the way down. Luckily, there is a fix for this. On most sound boards, there is a button near gain called ‘pad’. When engaged, it brings the input level down tremendously, enabling you to properly set the gain.
- Always see gain as the first step in the chain of excellent sound. The gain is what feeds everything else on the sound board. If its not right, you are not going to get the desired result from your mixing efforts. If it is too low, the weak signal will make for a subpar sound. If it is too high, the sound will distort, which is even worse. So, give the gain the respect it deserves.
You are right on! I learned so much from this (and was totally using gain as a volume knob). Thank you!
Thank you for this 🙂 very insightful
Thanks, really needed this info.
Thanks for this post, this information is really helpful.
So, what if the fader is not around unity gain? Sometimes, we see the gain is low, which effects our IEMs so then we want to turn up the gain but sound man says he looses control and faders are supposed to be very close to unity. Thanks
If gain is set correctly, not just for each individual channel, but also on your amps (more on that here), then faders for lead instruments/vocals should be hanging close to unity. But, not all your faders should be close to unity because some things in the mix are background, texture-adding elements which hang out around -10 to -20dB.
This information is invaluable and timely. I am just dealing with all of these issues and did not really have a clue. It is difficult in the Worship leaders world to get help from others. Thank you so much for all of your hard work and diligence in this. So now I am looking forward to Saturday service instead of dreading the problems. Thanks again.
Pastor Mark
When setting the gain where should the volume slider be? I’ve always been told to mute the channel, put the slider at U (or 0), PFL the channel, and then set your gain using the steps above. Is that right?
The gain is first in the signal chain and the fader (volume slider) is last. So, the gain will affect the fader but not the other way around. In short, fader placement is irrelevant when setting the gain. I generally pull it down as a safeguard to make sure it doesn’t get too loud while I am setting the gain.
So good bro, thank you!
Does the x32 have a “pad” button? This would be helpful since my guitars and keys are always hot but when I gain them down the musicians cannot get enough volume in their ears.
There is no pad button on the X32, and no comparative feature that I am aware of. I’d recommend trying do reduce the input signal at the source if possible. For example, most wireless microphones allow you to adjust the output level on the receiver.
So pertaining to Christian’s question, input signal is more important than fader position?? But do you still get full FX processing when faders are below unity??Along with monitoring levels??
Yes, the input signal is more important that the fader position.
When faders are below unity, you still get full FX processing. As you pull your fader up and down, your FX levels will move up and down as well, assuming they are set to post-fader.
As far as monitor levels go, they should be set to pre-fader, which in that case, the fader position does not affect monitor levels at all.
Thanks, for the info, quite insightful. Its very helpful to me as i am not a professional.
Very good information, thanks a lot! I was facing similar issues in our church. In fact I totally removed the MM5 analog mixer and going with the built-in amplifier mixer of SSB120. Good insight, thank you very much. God bless you
WOW… thank you so much for this. This was very insightful and helpful to me…
I find that I get clipping in my buses if I don’t set the gain so that the max level is around -18 dB (where it starts to turn yellow). Maybe I’m doing something else wrong, but if I set the gain like you say in this article, my buses clip like crazy.
Hey Charles – thanks for the comment. It sounds like you just need to bring your Bus levels down to compensate for bringing the gain up. I’d recommend bringing your bus mixes all the way down, then setting your gain, and then re-mixing your busses from a fresh starting point.
Gain is first in the signal path on the mixer, so it is the level that should be adjusted first. Hope that helps!
Thanks Kade,
What you’re saying is that the VU meter above the bus sliders is post fader? In other words, simply moving the slider down will prevent the clipping?
I’ll have to try that, thanks. I feel sheepish.
Thanks! a lot, it has helped me so much.
Thanks for the info!! This is incredibly helpful when thinking about moving forward with worship sound.
I was wondering what you thought about a gain situation. We’re getting a signal through to our mains on every channel, but the gain is nowhere close to -12dB. Is. arely hovers around -18dB. Would it be advantageous to our overall sound quality to increase gains and lower the Main LR or speaker volume?
Thanks!!
Hey Glenn – in this case, you do want to increase the gain to get it where it needs to be (refer to blog above for clarification). Then, lower your speaker/amp volume to compensation. Don’t lower the Main LR fader – it should be at 0. You want to send a strong signal to your speakers and then adjust the level on the speaker/amp to get it where you want it to be. Hope that helps!
My lead singer is still sounding distorted even after I turn the gain down to -2.0. What am I doing wrong??
When setting gain, the placement of the gain knob is irrelevant. What does matter is the level meter. What type of mixer are you using?
Hi, the article was very insightful. Thank you.
How to tackle when the signal is clipping even without any gain applied at the mixer.
Hey Danny – If gain is all the way down and you are still having problems with clipping, first check to see if you can turn down the signal at the source (e.g. turning down a keyboard output). If that doesn’t work, or it is not an option, activate the ‘pad’ on your mixer if it is available.
please can I get a good drum mix without a compressor? especially with my kick to be punchy without compressor? and pls I hv a mixer which the meter clips but the channel peak light doesn’t light up..unless the instrument on the channel is too loud..so can this still course distribution? please help guys
You can definitely get a good drum mix without a compressor…if you have a controlled drummer. Here is a post to help you out with your drum mix: https://collaborateworship.com/drum-eq/
When setting the gain, at what level should the power amps be at? I’ve heard to run them wide open and also about 80%. It seems that when I try to set my gain (x32) fader at unity, input level around -12,-18, it’s just blasting loud…. should I turn down my amps?
Yes, turn down your amps until you can run your lead vocal at about -5dB and achieve the volume you want. There is no benefit to running amps wide open or even at 80%. The level knobs on amps is to give you flexibility in how loud to run your room while still sending a nice, strong signal from your mixer. Hope that helps!
My gain knob on behringer x32 is not illuminated or operational. Is there a disabled setting or is it nonfunctional?
Hey Fred – I don’t know of any way to disable gain on the X32, so it sounds like it is nonfunctional. One way to be sure is to connect an iPad to your X32 and see if you can adjust gain that way.
Our church uses the MACKIE 1604-VLZ PRO mixer. Problem we have is one of our preachers is very loud. I can’t figure out how to record him to our PC when I have to turn his wireless mic almost all the way down.
Is there a way to capture the raw audio regardless of how loud the preacher is or how low I have to turn him down?
Thanks,
Chris
Hey Chris – How are you recording to your PC (what cable are you using, audio interface, etc)?
Kade – when adjusting the gain – what should I instruct the band to do with the in-ears running through behringer systems? Turn it all down and start over? Or should I adjust the output from the board to those monitors? I know our gains aren’t perfect but I dont want to blow out someones in-ears either.
Hey Joe – If you are doing a gain overhaul on all channels, I’d definitely recommend having those with in-ears bring the levels down and start over. This may seem like a daunting task to some, but it is actually good practice for them. 🙂
I ran sound recently for a speaking event at our church (I am the Music Director so I don’t normally spend a lot of time in the sound booth) I went to set the gains as I normally would (fader in unity gain position 0db ) and with the gain at nil i was still getting sound through the system. With the gain at 10 o’clock and channel and master faders at -20db I was at a decent volume. What are my typical sound guys doing that i’m not catching? I’ve run sound boards for many other venues and always work to get master and channel faders at 0db
Hey Jeff – thanks for the comment. The fader position does carry any weight when it comes to setting gain. As long as you activate the PFL button on a analog mixer or just select the channel on a digital mixer, the goal is to level meter to adjust gain until it is hitting where the green lights meet the orange lights. I actually recommend having you fader all the way down while you are doing this as you do not need to hear anything – you are only using the level meter. Hope that helps!
Awsome everything is on point on this article.I Like it.
Thank you for the insight .
I’m assisting a church startup with media and been thrown into audio mixing during worship nights. I have a ear to hear which instruments are too hot and which singers need to be adjusted, but I don’t know anything about mixing and sound boards. Any suggestions on what I should do to get more familiar with mixing and sound? Thanks!
Hey Amber – thanks for the comment! Here’s a good place to start: https://collaborateworship.com/tag/church-sound-essentials/